In recent years luminescent nanocrystals and nano-colloids have attracted a great deal of interest in the scientific community because of their varying electrical, chemical, and optical properties resulting from small size and surface effects. Upconverting trivalent rare-earth ion doped nanomaterials has been extensively studied over the past two decades for many applications, such as all-solid state laser devices, flat panel displays, solar cells and fluorescent labels for the detection of biomolecules.
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